In recent times, the world has been closely observing the resumption of boundary talks between Bhutan and China, which had been on hold for seven years. These talks have not only garnered international attention but have also taken significant steps towards realizing a 3-Step Roadmap initiated in 2021. As we delve into the details, we discover why these talks hold paramount significance.

Rekindling Diplomatic Ties

The 25th round of boundary talks between Bhutan and China, held in Beijing, marked a historic moment. A Cooperation Agreement was signed between Bhutan and China outlining the responsibilities and functions of the Technical Joint Team of Bhutan and China on the delimitation and demarcation of the Bhutan-Chinese boundary." This agreement builds upon the positive momentum generated since their last dialogue in 2016.

Bridging the Gap

One might wonder why these talks, held after a seven-year hiatus, are making headlines. The answer lies in the substantial progress made during this period. Bhutan shares a contiguous border with the Tibetan Autonomous Region, spanning approximately 470 kilometers. The talks between Bhutan and China commenced in 1984, with 24 rounds of negotiations taking place until 2016. However, the 25th round faced delays following the Doklam Standoff between the Indian and Chinese armies in 2017 and the subsequent challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019 to 2021.

During this pause in boundary talks, both sides engaged in discussions at various levels. This included diplomatic dialogues and meetings of expert groups. Notably, concerns arose when China hinted at opening a new front for a border dispute to Bhutan's east. Despite these challenges, the Expert Group of diplomats from both nations came together in 2021 to craft a 3-step roadmap. The roadmap aimed at resolving the boundary issue once and for all.

The 3-Step Roadmap

At the core of these talks is the 3-Step roadmap, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) inked by the Bhutanese Foreign Minister and the Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister in 2021. Accompanying this agreement is the establishment of the Joint Technical Team (JTT) in August, responsible for implementing the roadmap's objectives.
This roadmap offers a structured approach to delineating the boundaries between Bhutan and China. It unfolds in three distinct phases:

1. Agreement on the Table

The initial step involves reaching a mutual agreement on the border "on the table." This sets the foundation for further actions in the field.

2. On-Site Visits

Following the agreement, both parties will undertake on-site visits to verify and validate the agreed-upon boundaries. This phase ensures a practical understanding of the terrain and the boundaries in question.

3. Formal Demarcation

The final step culminates in the formal demarcation of the boundary. This involves marking the borders definitively and legally, providing clarity to both nations.

India's Watchful Eye

For India, these boundary talks are of particular interest, considering the strains in its relationship with China since the 2020 standoff at the Line of Actual Control. Any indications of closer ties between China and one of India's closest neighbors naturally raise concerns.

Of specific concern to India are the discussions surrounding Doklam. China has proposed an agreement to "swap" areas in Doklam under Bhutanese control with areas in Jakarlung and Pasamlung, which China claims. The Doklam trijunction lies in proximity to India's Siliguri corridor, a critical narrow area connecting the northeastern states to the rest of India. India is wary of any scenario that might grant China access to areas near this corridor.

Furthermore, India's apprehensions extend to China's desire for full diplomatic relations with Bhutan and the establishment of an embassy in Thimphu. Given India's experiences with Chinese projects and funding in neighboring countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, any significant Chinese presence in Bhutan is viewed with caution.
However, Bhutan's leadership has consistently emphasized that its decisions will consider India's interests and that it will engage in consultations with India on matters of mutual concern.

In conclusion, the resumption of boundary talks between Bhutan and China is a momentous event with far-reaching implications. These talks are not just about defining territorial boundaries; they also reflect the evolving geopolitical dynamics in the region. As Bhutan and China embark on their 3-Step Roadmap, the world watches with anticipation, hoping for a peaceful resolution that benefits all parties involved.