In light of the recent discussions sparked by the Bihar caste-based survey, there is a growing nationwide interest in the prospects of conducting a similar census in Tamil Nadu. This has also reignited debates about the ceiling on reservations, currently capped at 50%. However, delving into Tamil Nadu's historical experience with caste-based surveys and reservations reveals a complex narrative that warrants careful examination.

The Quest for Increased OBC Reservations
 

The journey of Tamil Nadu in the realm of caste-based surveys and OBC reservations is a tale of evolving perspectives and political dynamics. The state's history provides valuable insights into the challenges and complexities of implementing such initiatives.
 

The First BC Panel (1969-70): A Vision for Increased Reservations

The journey begins with the First Backward Classes Commission (1969-70), led by A.N. Sattanathan. This commission was instrumental in recommending an increase in Backward Class (BC) reservations, with the aim of providing greater opportunities and representation to historically marginalized communities. The intent was to address social inequalities and promote inclusive growth.

The Creamy Layer Conundrum

One notable aspect that emerged during this period was the concept of the "creamy layer." This idea, which aimed to prevent affluent members of the OBC category from accessing reservation benefits, did not gain widespread political support. The debate around this concept would continue to influence the trajectory of OBC reservations in Tamil Nadu.

The Second BC Panel (1982-85): A Shift in Recommendations

Fast forward to the Second Backward Classes Commission (1982-85), a pivotal moment in Tamil Nadu's caste-based survey journey. The political landscape had evolved significantly since the First BC Panel's recommendations. The AIADMK government, led by M.G. Ramachandran, announced a substantial hike in BC reservations, raising them from 31% to 50%. This move was part of an effort to garner political support following electoral setbacks.

A Review of Existing Enumeration

However, as this decision faced legal challenges in the Supreme Court, the government gave an undertaking in October 1982 to establish a panel to review the enumeration and classification of BCs. The Second BC Panel, headed by J.A. Ambasankar, took on this task.
 

The Socio-Educational-cum-Economic Survey

The Ambasankar Commission conducted a comprehensive Socio-Educational-cum-Economic Survey during 1983-84. The survey involved a door-to-door enumeration and classification of BCs, ensuring a thorough and up-to-date understanding of these communities.

The Population of BCs

Based on its meticulous work, the Second BC Panel identified 298 communities, categorized under various groups, including BCs, Most BCs, Denotified Communities (DNCs), SCs, STs, and others. The panel estimated that BCs constituted 67.15% of the state's total population.

The Introduction of Exclusive Quotas

In 1989, recognizing the significance of Most Backward Classes (MBCs) and DNCs, an exclusive quota of 20% was allocated to them within the broader BC category. This move aimed to address the unique needs and challenges faced by these communities.
 

The Continuation of Reservations

Despite differences of opinion within the commission, Tamil Nadu maintained its 50% quota for BCs, striking a balance between competing viewpoints. The government also chose not to delete 24 communities from the list, while including 29 additional ones.
 

The Impact of Supreme Court Judgments
 

In the aftermath of the Supreme Court's 1992 judgment on the Mandal Commission case, Tamil Nadu had to take measures to safeguard its 69% reservation quota. This quota, which included 18% for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), had been challenged.

Adjustments Within the Quota

Subsequent developments saw adjustments within the BC quota. In 2009, Arunthathiyars, a constituent of SCs, were granted a 3% reservation within the SC quota. Additionally, a 3.5% quota each was initially provided for Muslims and Christians within the BC category, although the separate Christian quota was later withdrawn.
 

The Challenge of Contemporary Data
 

In 2021, the AIADMK government passed a bill for a 10.5% reservation for Vanniyars, or Vanniyakula Kshatriyas, within the MBC category. However, the Supreme Court struck down this law, citing concerns about the contemporaneity of data used to justify the reservation.

Lessons for the Future

As discussions surrounding caste-based surveys and reservations gain momentum, Tamil Nadu's historical experience offers critical lessons. It underscores the importance of nuanced policy decisions, the challenges of accommodating diverse viewpoints, and the need for contemporaneous data to support such initiatives.

While the idea of conducting a caste census is being debated, the complexities surrounding the implementation of increased OBC reservations should not be underestimated. The lessons from Tamil Nadu's past experiences serve as a valuable guide for policymakers and stakeholders navigating this intricate landscape.

In conclusion, the quest for increased OBC reservations in Tamil Nadu is a journey marked by evolving perspectives, political dynamics, and persistent challenges. Understanding this historical context is essential for making informed decisions about the future of caste-based surveys and reservations in the state.